{"id":14561,"date":"2018-04-24T09:00:08","date_gmt":"2018-04-24T13:00:08","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/museumhack.com\/?p=14561"},"modified":"2022-11-20T00:24:45","modified_gmt":"2022-11-20T05:24:45","slug":"library-of-alexandria","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/museumhack.com\/library-of-alexandria\/","title":{"rendered":"The Library of Alexandria"},"content":{"rendered":"<p>The <strong>Library of Alexandria<\/strong> was The Ultimate Nerd H.Q.<\/p>\n<p>I know what you\u2019re thinking. \u201cNerd H.Q.? You mean the tabletop game shop downtown?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>Nope.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cSo you must be talking about the field at the park where college kids play Quidditch then, right?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>No, not that one either.<\/p>\n<p>\u201cMicrocenter?\u201d<\/p>\n<p>You\u2019re getting warmer, but I\u2019m going to stop you there. Those are all great headquarters for nerds, but the topic at hand is <i>the<\/i> Nerd H.Q. of antiquity.<\/p>\n<p>I\u2019m talking about the greatest library of the ancient world. A library that included the works of great ancient minds like Socrates, Plato, and Homer. A library so great that it made the city of Alexandria in Northern Egypt an intellectual capital of the old world.<\/p>\n<p>I\u2019m talking about the first-known universal library in human history: the Library of Alexandria.<span id='easy-footnote-1-14561' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/museumhack.com\/library-of-alexandria\/#easy-footnote-bottom-1-14561' title=' El-Abbadi, Mostafa. (Accessed April 13, 2018). Library of Alexandria. Retrieved from&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Library-of-Alexandria&quot;&gt; https:\/\/www.britannica.com\/topic\/Library-of-Alexandria&lt;\/a&gt; '><sup>1<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p><!--more--><\/p>\n<h3>The Library of Alexandria: So, Just a Library, Then?<\/h3>\n<p>\u201cLibrary\u201d is an understatement: this library supposedly contained the cumulative wisdom of the known world at the time, and it was of a great complex called the \u201cTemple of the Muses\u201d or the \u201cMusaeum.\u201d You know, like the world\u2019s first museum.<\/p>\n<p>The Musaeum served as a center for intellectual and philosophical discourse. It may have housed over half a million documents from nations across the known world, including Assyria, Greece, Persia, Egypt, India, and more. There was so much information that it spilled over into a \u201cdaughter\u201d library at the Temple of Serapis. Over 100 scholars lived at the Musaeum in order to pursue research full time. There were lecture halls, observatories, laboratories, a zoo, botanical gardens, living quarters, and even a Sbarro. OK, that last part is just a guess, but it <i>did<\/i> have a dining hall, probably.<\/p>\n<p>If I sound a little unsure about the dining hall, it\u2019s because nobody is 100 percent sure about any of these details. While the Library of Alexandria likely did exist, archaeologists haven\u2019t been able to find any artifacts directly connected to the site. The popular belief is that the Library of Alexandria was destroyed in a massive fire around 2,000 years ago, along with its smorgasbord of scrolls.<span id='easy-footnote-2-14561' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/museumhack.com\/library-of-alexandria\/#easy-footnote-bottom-2-14561' title=' Haughton, Brian. (2011, February 1). What happened to the Great Library at Alexandria? Retrieved from&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/article\/207\/what-happened-to-the-great-library-at-alexandria\/&quot;&gt; https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/article\/207\/what-happened-to-the-great-library-at-alexandria\/&lt;\/a&gt; '><sup>2<\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span id='easy-footnote-3-14561' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/museumhack.com\/library-of-alexandria\/#easy-footnote-bottom-3-14561' title=' Chesser, Preston. (Accessed April 13, 2018). The Burning of the Library of Alexandria. Retrieved from&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/ehistory.osu.edu\/articles\/burning-library-alexandria&quot;&gt; https:\/\/ehistory.osu.edu\/articles\/burning-library-alexandria&lt;\/a&gt; '><sup>3<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<p>The founding of the complex is a bit fuzzy, as well. The common thought is that an exiled Athenian politician named Demetrius of Phaleron had found refuge at the court of King Ptolemy I Soter around 297 BCE. About two years later, Ptolemy I tasked Demetrius with founding the universal library and Musaeum.<\/p>\n<p>So, we have a rough idea of who created the Library of Alexandria\u2014but who destroyed it?<\/p>\n<h4>Jocks<\/h4>\n<p>The nerd\u2019s natural enemy is, of course, the jock. It\u2019s the cycle of civilization: learned folks put together something that shows the capacity for human achievement, and, sooner or later, a bunch of other, less thoughtful people get aggro about it and burn it down, blow it up, whatever. For our purposes here, let\u2019s say the former group are the nerds, and the latter, the jocks.<\/p>\n<p>Alas, nothing that happened 2,000 years ago is ever totally clear, so we have a few potential jocks to pin the library\u2019s destruction on. Here are the three most popular suspected scroll burners:<\/p>\n<h4>Library of Alexandria Suspect No. 1: Julius Caesar<\/h4>\n<p>Number one is Julius Caesar, one of history\u2019s most renowned jocks. He was such an alpha male that he took one of history\u2019s greatest republics\u2014Rome\u2014and made it an empire, just so he could be in charge. While he was trampling his way through history, he may well have destroyed the Library of Alexandra by accident.<a href=\"https:\/\/www.biography.com\/people\/julius-caesar-9192504\"><br \/>\n<\/a><\/p>\n<p>Caesar was chasing Pompey, his adversary, into Egypt around 48 BCE. While in enemy territory, Caesar became trapped at Alexandria when an Egyptian fleet cut off his escape. Caesar was outnumbered, so he ordered all the ships in Alexandria\u2019s harbor be set on fire, naturally. It worked, and the fire spread to the Egyptian fleet, which was burnt to the waterline.<\/p>\n<p>But not even Caesar could control fire. It spread from the ships in the harbor to Alexandria, burning down the area of the city that contained the Library of Alexandria.<\/p>\n<p>We know this happened because Caesar wrote about setting the fire. However, he didn\u2019t mention burning the library. That doesn\u2019t mean he didn\u2019t do it\u2014Caesar was wont to flatter himself in his memoirs, so he might have left out the bit about destroying the world\u2019s greatest center of knowledge by accident.<\/p>\n<p>This theory is further complicated by writings from stoic philosopher Strabo, who was working in Alexandria in 20 BCE. He describes the Musaeum in detail, 28 years after Caesar is thought to have burned the area containing it. However, he does not mention the library. It\u2019s unclear if he didn\u2019t recognize a distinction between the Musaeum and the library, or if the library was no longer there.<\/p>\n<p>That said, if Caesar had burned the library, we don\u2019t know how bad he burned it. Did Caesar\u2019s harbor arsonry burn the whole thing down? Did it wipe out the whole section containing Virgil\u2019s YA fiction, now lost to time? Or did the fire merely raze the Sbarro?<\/p>\n<p>Perhaps a better question might be: did the Romans even give a sh*t about some 250-year-old, dog-eared Greek knowledge depository? It doesn\u2019t seem like Caesar did.<span id='easy-footnote-4-14561' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/museumhack.com\/library-of-alexandria\/#easy-footnote-bottom-4-14561' title=' Haughton, Brian. (2011, February 1). What happened to the Great Library at Alexandria? Retrieved from&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/article\/207\/what-happened-to-the-great-library-at-alexandria\/&quot;&gt; https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/article\/207\/what-happened-to-the-great-library-at-alexandria\/&lt;\/a&gt; '><sup>4<\/sup><\/a><\/span> <span id='easy-footnote-5-14561' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/museumhack.com\/library-of-alexandria\/#easy-footnote-bottom-5-14561' title=' Chesser, Preston. (Accessed April 13, 2018). The Burning of the Library of Alexandria. Retrieved from&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/ehistory.osu.edu\/articles\/burning-library-alexandria&quot;&gt; https:\/\/ehistory.osu.edu\/articles\/burning-library-alexandria&lt;\/a&gt; '><sup>5<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h4>Library of Alexandria Suspect No. 2: Emperor Theodosius I via Theophilus, Patriarch of Alexandria<\/h4>\n<p>This theory is even more complicated, and not just because it technically involves two jocks.<\/p>\n<p>In 391 CE, Christian Emperor Theodosius had had it up to here with all the pagans, so he officially called for the destruction of the Temple of Serapis. Remember that temple? It was home to the daughter library to the Library of Alexandria.<\/p>\n<p>Theophilus was the bishop of Alexandria, and so he carried out the order. The Temple of Serapis was destroyed, and a Christian church was built on its ashes.<\/p>\n<p>The hypothesis for this theory is that, when the Temple of Serapis was razed, the daughter library and the main library may have been razed as well. Of course, that\u2019s assuming the main library even existed at that point\u2014which is a big assumption, considering this all happened nearly 700 years after the Musaeum and main library were constructed. Not exactly an airtight case.<span id='easy-footnote-6-14561' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/museumhack.com\/library-of-alexandria\/#easy-footnote-bottom-6-14561' title=' Haughton, Brian. (2011, February 1). What happened to the Great Library at Alexandria? Retrieved from&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/article\/207\/what-happened-to-the-great-library-at-alexandria\/&quot;&gt; https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/article\/207\/what-happened-to-the-great-library-at-alexandria\/&lt;\/a&gt; '><sup>6<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h4>Library of Alexandria Suspect No. 3: Caliph Omar<\/h4>\n<p>Last, and honestly, least, is Caliph Omar. I\u2019ve got nothing against Caliph Omar, it\u2019s just that this theory feels thin.<\/p>\n<p>Here\u2019s the story behind the accusation: In 640 CE, the Arab army captured Alexandria after a lengthy siege. They had supposedly heard legends about a great library that contained all the knowledge in the world, which piqued their collective curiosity.<\/p>\n<p>Unfortunately, as the story goes, Caliph Omar\u2019s interest was decidedly un-piqued. He reportedly said of the great library\u2019s contents, \u201cThey will either contradict the Koran, in which case they are heresy, or they will agree with it, so they are superfluous.\u201d<\/p>\n<p>So, instead of reading the manuscripts and seeing how they squared with the Koran, he used them to fuel fires in Alexandria\u2019s 4,000 bathhouses for six months.<\/p>\n<p>Why is this theory thin? Well, aside from the fact that it presupposes the Library of Alexandria survived all the way to 640 CE, we have to turn a critical eye toward the author of this account.<\/p>\n<p>The \u201cfacts\u201d of this story were written down hundreds of years after the events took place by a guy named Gregory Bar Hebraeus\u2014a 13th-century Christian bishop who had a thing for writing about supposed Muslim atrocities. At best, his writings would have some inaccuracies and embellishments. At worst, he just made it up.<\/p>\n<p>The theory that Caliph Omar destroyed the library is weakened by the fog of time and a biased author.<span id='easy-footnote-7-14561' class='easy-footnote-margin-adjust'><\/span><span class='easy-footnote'><a href='https:\/\/museumhack.com\/library-of-alexandria\/#easy-footnote-bottom-7-14561' title=' Haughton, Brian. (2011, February 1). What happened to the Great Library at Alexandria? Retrieved from&lt;a href=&quot;https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/article\/207\/what-happened-to-the-great-library-at-alexandria\/&quot;&gt; https:\/\/www.ancient.eu\/article\/207\/what-happened-to-the-great-library-at-alexandria\/&lt;\/a&gt; '><sup>7<\/sup><\/a><\/span><\/p>\n<h3>A Fourth Possibility of What Destroyed the Library of Alexandria: All the Things<\/h3>\n<p>The thing about this mystery is that the answer could be <i>all of the above<\/i>. It\u2019s possible that the Musaeum and the Library of Alexandria went through a long period of decline, destruction, reconstruction, and destruction again that may have spanned all of three of these different periods. It\u2019s like that nerd versus jock cycle I mentioned earlier.<\/p>\n<p>Maybe Caesar burned part of it, Theophilus burned some more, and Caliph Omar burned whatever was left by the time he rolled into Alexandria?<\/p>\n<p>Or maybe it just closed. Sometimes libraries do that.<\/p>\n<p>Like any great historical mystery that\u2019s far enough removed, we all get to project some of our own beliefs and assumptions on what happened. It seems like more than a coincidence that each of the most popular suspects belongs to a different tradition: Roman paganism, Christianity, and Islam. Could these theories just be the wishful thinking of partisan historians who wanted to pin on their competitors a wanton act of aggression toward enlightenment?<\/p>\n<p>If you\u2019re the type to pick one of those teams and root against the others, then maybe the answer seems simple. But none of these cultures have a clean track record when it comes to destroying the artifacts of the traditions they sought to replace.<\/p>\n<p>As far as I\u2019m concerned, all three of these groups likely have book blood on their hands, whether they burned the Library of Alexandria or not. Intractable ideological systems are pretty good at gaining power, but they\u2019re often not too kind to intellectualism. So, my sympathies instead lie with the ancient nerds who just wanted to kick back at the Musaeum botanical gardens and read some scrolls.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Alexandria was home to the world&#8217;s greatest library, until someone set it on fire.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":33,"featured_media":19801,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[333,274],"tags":[],"acf":{"show_faq":false,"faq_title":"","faq_description":"","faq_list_item":null},"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v21.2 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/wordpress\/plugins\/seo\/ -->\n<title>The Library of Alexandria<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"The Library of Alexandria was once the world&#039;s greatest library, until someone set it on fire. 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